Hairstyles in the West have been greatly influenced by changing fashions for generations. For the moneyed classes, wigs were worn until the advent of World War I. Elizabeth I transformed Europe for redheads, who had hitherto been reviled. Many stained-glass representations of Judas depict him with red hair. Balding royalty, most notably Louis XIV, drove a wig culture for a time. Civil wars and religion have influenced fashions with the long curling locks of the royalist Anglican Cavaliers and the cropped hair of the parliamentarian Puritan Roundheads. The portraits of Flemish artist Sir Anthony Van Dykes influenced facial hairstyles in the late seventeenth century.
In the 1890s the Gibson Girl’s pompadour was combed over a pad, making a high wide frame for the face, and swept up behind. Heated irons, such as the waving iron invented by the French hairdresser Marcel Grateau in the 1870s, allowed women to achieve curls, crimping, and the natural-looking Marcel wave. In the twentieth century the broad reach of print and electronic media increasingly influenced the world of fashion, including hairstyles. In Asia, permanent hair dyeing is epidemic—not always to best effect (Fig. 20).
